"...in ancient Greece dreams were thought of as real oracles. But when the many existing techniques for receiving answers to problems (auguries, haruspicy and the like) had fixed systems of reference and only a relatively limited number of possible answers, the dream lacks these points of reference altogether. It is so polymorphous that its proper interpretation either takes a great deal more skill and knowledge or leads to quackery, as in fact it mostly did" (Meier, 1966 p. 203)

The most wide spread and famous places to incubate dreams were the Asklepion dream sanctuaries where little interpretation was needed. The appearance of the healer Asklepios or one of his family or minions (including snakes & dogs) in the dream was usually enough to effect the cure. The "right" dream was the one that healed. However, these were sanctuaries were more focused on
sicknesses of body and spirit than problem solving.

Though dream interpretation and incubation was suppressed by the Orthodox esoteric Christian Church (an interesting subject in itself), the practice continued among the common people, shifting from the temple to the chapel. Meier says that it is still practiced today. It may also be seen in use by poets, writers, alchemists and esotericists throughout the centuries. But for the mainstream, the practice was pretty much lost until psychotherapeutic techniques merged with new secular dreamwork movements to produce the experimental climate of the 1960's and 70's.

Two of the major researchers in this area are Gayle Delaney and Henry Reed. (See the focus article in this issue on Henry Reed). Both have studied and researched this area for many years and I have included some of their works in the following bibliography, which I recommend reading. I noted at the end of an excellent article by Henry Reed (1976) on incubation the following original reprint message: "Enclose one dollar or dreamy barter" (p. 70). Others, such as Morton Saltzman (1987), have attempted to incubate dreams to solve puzzles and some like Mark Blagrove (1992), have questioned the assumptions regarding problem solving in dreams. But, if Deirdre Barrett's study (1993) is to be believed, dreamers are for the most part quite satisfied with the answers from dreams when the issues are of a more personal nature. Consequently, we are offering Jill Gregory's technique list that appears to me as a useful synthesis of the techniques available and her own research and experimentation.

For any of the following procedures, you should check first with your doctor if you have any kind of sleep disorder or are using any kinds of prescription or non-prescription drugs.

Tips for incubating a dream from Jill Gregory

Dreams can be incubated when you're awake or when you're dreaming. When you move into your desired dream directly and immediately this type of incubation is known as psi dreaming. It is possible to make more than one incubation request and get responses in one or more dreams that night.

1. Remind yourself that incubation is something that you frequently do already in your life, as, for example, when you tell yourself to remember something at a future time. You are already incubating your dreams and your waking life without your conscious awareness.

2. In a quiet, relaxed condition, let your mind wander about the possible dream topics, images or types of dream that you wish to incubate.

3. Review your possible choices for incubation. Narrow it down to a couple of options. Ask yourself, "Why do I want to incubate this?" If you don't know why, its okay. If you do, it will strengthen you incubation.

4. Choose your incubation. Every once in a while, remind yourself that you want to incubate that particular dream.

5. Amplify your request for that dream. For example, if you want to dream of horses, use your imagination to "see" horses. Or you can write, draw or say your incubation.

6. When you wake up in the morning, tell yourself that when you wake up tomorrow morning, you *will remember* a dream on your incubation topic. Just before falling asleep, remind yourself again. You may want to start your dreaming mind on the incubation by
thinking, feeling, sensing or imagining it as you are moving into sleep.

7. Always write down your dream for that morning! For the next two days, if you think that you haven't gotten your incubation dream, write those dreams also. Through dreamwork you may discover that you did receive it after all. Sometimes our dreaming mind has something more urgent than that and will not give the desired dream the first or even second night.

8. If, after three nights, you do not feel that you were successful in you incubation, do one or more of the following:
a) Ask yourself if there's any reason that you do *not* wish to dream about your topic.
b) Ask your imagination, "Who can help me do this?" Add that helper figure to your incubation topic.
c) Tell your dreaming mind that if it gave you your chosen dream, you didn't realize it. Request that this time the dream be obvious, easier to connect to your incubation.

9. Try again. If you do not receive the dream, put it to the back of your mind and give it just enough energy that if it does come, you will remember that you were incubation it. Add new incubations to your "dream shopping list."

Bibliography:

Barrett, Deirdre (1993). The "Committee of Sleep": A study of dream incubation for problem solving. _Dreaming, 3_(2), 115-122.

Blagrove, Mark (1992). Dreams as the reflection of our waking concerns and abilities: A critique of the problem-solving paradigm in dream research. _Dreaming 2_(4), pp. 205-220.

Delaney, Gayle M. V.(1988). _Living Your Dreams: Using Sleep to Solve Problems and Enrich Your Life_. Revised Ed. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

--------. (1979). _Living Your Dreams._ San Francisco: Harper &Row.

--------. (1976). A proposed dream experiment: Phase-focusing
dream incubation. _Sundance: Community Dream Journal, 1_(1), 71-83.

Devereux, George (1957). Dream learning and individual ritual differences in Mohave shamanism. _American Anthropologist, 59_, 1036-1045.

Gregory, Jill. (1988). _Dream Tips_. Novato, Ca: Novato Center for Dreams.

Meier, Carl Alfred (1966/1962). The dream in ancient Greece and its use in temple cures (incubation). In Von Gruenebaum, G. E.& Caillois, R. (Eds). (1966). _The Dream and Human Societies_ (Chapter 17, pp. 303-319). Berkeley: University of California Press. Originally a paper read to the "International Colloquium on 'Le reve et les societes humaines'" in Royaumont, France, 1962.

--------. (1967/1949). _Ancient Incubation and Modern Psychotherapy_. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. (Original German, 1949).

Radin, Paul (1936). Ojibwa and Ottawa puberty dreams. In R. H. Lowie (Ed.),_Essays in Anthropology_ (pp. 233-264). Berkeley, CA: University of Cal Press.
Reed, Henry (1991). _Dream Solutions: Using your Dreams to Change your Life_. San Rafael, CA: New World Library. PO Box 1541, Virginia Beach, VA 23451.

--------. (1985). _Getting Help From Your Dreams._ Virginia Beach, VA: Inner Vision Publishers.

--------. (1976a.). Dream incubation: A reconstruction of a ritual in contemporary form. _Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 16_(4), 53-70.

Schatzman, Morton (1987). The meaning of dreaming. _New Scientist_, December 25, 36-39.

--------. (1983a). Solve your problems in your sleep. _New Scientist, 98_(1360) June, 692-693.

--------. (1983b). Sleeping on problems really can solve them. _New Scientist,_ August 11, 416-417.